大家好，欢迎来到又一期 Tinto Talks，又是快乐的星期三，我们将讨论代号为「凯撒计划」的最秘密的游戏。
Hello Everyone and Welcome to another Tinto Talks, the Happy Wednesday when we talk about the most secret game with the code name “Project Caesar”
本周我们将讨论时代和思潮，这些概念最初是在EU4的一个补丁中引入的。它们是一种很容易让你感受不同时代的机制，但很快就因为游戏的发展变得过于游戏化，毁了这个好机制。
This week we’ll talk about the ages and institutions, concepts that were first introduced in a patch to EU4. They were a convenient mechanic to make different eras feel different, but soon became too gamified with development ruining the institution game.
每个时代都会引入多个新的
「机密」进步，增加若干可能的新政府改革，影响商品的价格稳定性，并对每个国家产生直接影响。在每个时代中，你支付的募兵费用会增加，你的军队规模上限也会增加。每个时代都是全球性的，但其真正的影响是渐进的，也不能通过实现目标然后获得的特殊魔法值来玩叠叠乐。
Every age introduces several new “REDACTED”, adds several possible new government reforms you can pick from, impacts the price stability of goods, and also has some direct impacts on every country. In every age, the amount of gold you pay for your raised levies will increase, and the size of the army you are expected to have increases. Each age is global in the world, but its true impact is gradual. There is no special mana you gain through achieving goals that you can use to stack modifiers with.
传统时代已经过去，我们刚刚进入文艺复兴时代。
Ages of Traditions have passed, and we have just entered the Age of Renaissance here..
每个时代都有三个思潮会出现，每个思潮会解锁
「机密」进步并传播到全世界。
Each age also has three institutions that will spawn, each will unlock “REDACTED” and spread across the world.
我们是这样设计的，在前几个时代思潮出现的更严格，而在后几个时代更灵活，以引导游戏朝某个方向发展。对于那些不喜欢动态出现思潮的人，可以将其设置为「历史」模式，它会每次在相同的位置出现。
We have designed the institution spawns to be more rigid for the first ages, and be more flexible in later ages, to guide the game in a certain direction. For those of you who dislike the dynamic spawning of institutions, you can put it in “historical” mode, and it will spawn in the same location every time.
目前这个规则只有两个选项。
There are only two options for this rule at the moment.
传播是需要时间的，因为它只能通过相邻地点或单条航道传播，除非你和已经接受它的市场中心之间有贸易路线。传播速度也受人口识字率的影响。如果你接受了一个思潮，那么它会按比例在你控制的地点进行传播。
The spread takes time, as it can only spread through adjacent locations or across a single sealane, unless you have trade routes from a market center that has embraced it. The speed it spreads is also impacted by the literacy of the population. If you have embraced an institution, then it will spread in proportion to your control in your owned locations.
当一个制度传播到你的国家超过10%的人口时，你可以接受它，这意味着你将获得它提供的
「机密」进步。
When an institution has spread to more than 10% of the population in your country, you can embrace it, meaning you will get access to the “REDACTED” it will give you.
由于「凯撒计划」的科技系统与EU4不同，暂时缺少一个思潮并不是完全的灾难，更多内容将在下周讨论。
As the technology system in Project Caesar is different than the one in EU4, missing an institution for a while is NOT a complete disaster, but more on that next week.
在后几个时代，你还可以开始指派你的内阁成员在一个省份内推广思潮，这样会在该省的地点推进任何你知道的思潮。推广主要依靠市民和该地的识字率。
In later ages you can also start assigning a member of your cabinet to promote institutions in a province, which will then progress any institution you are aware of in the locations of that province. Promoting is heavily based on the burghers and the literacy of a location.
游戏中共有6个时代，1337年我们从传统时代开始，每个时代大约持续一个世纪。
There are 6 ages in the game, and in 1337 we start in the Age of Traditions, and each age from there on lasts about a century.
这是最好的时代...
It was the definitely the best of times...
传统时代
Age of Traditions
不同的社会在世界各地已经建立了数百上千年，它们的基础可以用诸如法制主义、贤能制度或封建主义等传统来构建。
Different societies have been established throughout the world for hundreds and thousands of years, and their foundations can be framed in traditions such as Legalism, Meritocracy, or Feudalism.
法制主义
Legalism
我们将这个制度的发源地设在罗马，尽管有很多地方可以竞争这个位置。游戏开始时，大部分旧世界已经传播并接受了这个制度。
We gave this institution the spawn point of Rome, even though there are plenty of places that could compete for it. Most of the Old World has this institution spread and embraced at the start of the game.
法制的理论已经融入了中国的社会结构数百年。纯粹理想主义和国内稳定才能带来富裕、繁荣的国家和强大的军队这一观念在东亚的思想领域中根深蒂固。然而，随着商人和移民带来的思想交流，法制的概念跨越了广阔的穆斯林世界。在那里，它采用了伊斯兰国家中异教徒与信徒之间共生关系的立场。在欧洲，法制主义意味着从伟大的罗马帝国的垂死挣扎的最后阶段到其遗留下来的法律根源，成为后来许多旧大陆新法学的基础。
The theories behind Legalism have been integrating into Chinese societal structures for hundreds of years. The concept that pure idealism and domestic stability leads to a rich, prosperous state and a powerful army is deeply rooted in the forums of thought in the Eastern Asian domains. However, as merchants and migrants brought forth the exchange of ideas, the concept of Legalism made its way across the vast expanses of the Muslim world. There, it adopted the stance of a symbiotic relationship between heathens and believers in Islamic states. Legalism in Europe signified the rite of passage, from the dying grasps of the great Roman Empire to its remnant legal roots, many of which would later serve as the basis for new jurisprudence across the old continent.
贤能制度
Meritocracy
这个制度的发源地是北京，在游戏开始时只在东亚传播。
This has the birthplace in Beijing and at the start of the game, it has only spread through East Asia.
许多声望很高、身居要职的人往往选择任命那些与他们关系密切的人担任有影响力的职位。任人唯贤作为一种制度和思潮在中国宫廷中非常流行。孔子认为，统治者应该以功绩为基础，而不是以继承的地位为基础。这导致了中国贵族的血缘继承完全被基于才干的任人唯贤取代。这一制度的发展在亚洲及其边界之外产生了涟漪，最终传到了欧洲王室的宫廷，一个贵族们在权力和权威机制中占据了重要地位的地方。
Many individuals of great prestige and in positions of power often chose to appoint those closest to them in influential spots. The advent of Meritocracy as an institution and a thought movement was largely popular in the courts of Imperial China. There, Confucius himself supported the notion that those who govern should do so on the basis of merit, not of inherited status. This led to the replacement of the Chinese nobility of blood ties to one based solely on meritocratic abilities. This institution's development would ripple across and beyond the borders of Asia and would eventually reach the royal courts of even European monarchs whose Nobles had a firm grasp on the mechanisms of power and authority.
封建主义
Feudalism
这个制度的发源地是查理曼统治下的罗马帝国首都亚琛。它也在旧世界大部分地区传播。
This has its birthplace in Aachen, the capital of the Roman Empire under Charlemagne. It has spread in most of the Old World as well.
随着时间的推移，大多数社会发展出了对一个更强大、机构常设化的公共政府体系的需求。罗马帝国的衰落之后，这种需求被许多制度和传统习俗所填补，这些制度和传统习俗综合在一起通常被认为是欧洲封建制度的一部分。出于类似原因，世界各地形成了永久性的政府和社会制度，其中一些制度的根源远远早于封建制度本身。
Over time, most societies develop a need for a common structure with stronger and more permanent institutions of government. After the fall of the Roman Empire, this need came to be filled by a number of institutions and customs that taken together are often considered to be part of the European Feudal system. For similar reasons, permanent government and societal systems have formed all over the world, some of which have roots that go far further back than Feudalism itself.
我们之前展示过这张图片吗？
Have we show this image before?
文艺复兴时代
Age of Renaissance
在蒙古和平、伊斯兰黄金时代和欧洲文艺复兴影响的下，中世纪社会之间的相互交流和新思潮正在日益增长，一个知识、艺术和进步的新时代正在兴起。
A new era of knowledge, arts, and progress is emerging due to growing interactions and institutions in the medieval societies affected by Pax Mongolica, the Islamic Golden Age, and the European Renaissance.
文艺复兴
Renaissance
这个思潮将在时代开始不久后在北意大利的一个拥有大学的城市发源。历史位置是佛罗伦萨。
This institution will spawn soon after the age starts in a Northern Italian City with a University. The historical location is Florence.
从14世纪开始，意大利城邦的富人和权贵对那些愿意探索祖先古罗马和古希腊社会的艺术家和学者提供了很多资助。作为一种文化运动，文艺复兴已经涵盖了该地区的大部分区域，并对文学、艺术、哲学和音乐产生了深远影响。人文主义学者也在分析他们所生活的社会，将其与古典哲学家的理想进行比较。文艺复兴人文主义已经发展成为一个更成熟的运动，已经准备渗透到社会的方方面面。一种新的统治者和被统治者的理想正在迅速传播，早期的印刷商也在分发这些新思想的副本。真正的文艺复兴人文主义者是从政治和哲学到艺术、文本分析、音乐和建筑等各方面的专家。文艺复兴现在准备按照其古典理想重新塑造世界。
Starting now in the 14th century, the wealthy and powerful in the Italian City states have been patronizing artists and scholars willing to explore the old Roman and Greek societies of their forefathers. As a cultural movement the Renaissance already encompasses most of the region and has had a profound impact on literature, art, philosophy, and music. Humanist scholars are also analyzing the society in which they live, comparing it to the ideals of the Classical philosophers. Renaissance Humanism has grown into a more mature movement, ready to permeate all aspects of society. A new ideal for rulers as well as those who are ruled is spreading as quickly as the early Printers can distribute copies of these new ideas. A true Renaissance Humanist is an expert on everything from politics and philosophy to art, textual analysis, music, and architecture. The Renaissance is now ready to reshape the world to better fit its classical ideals.
银行业
Banking
这可以在任何具有强烈的「资本经济」社会价值观的国家内，发源于一个位于欧洲、北非或中东且拥有超过1000市民的城镇或城市。历史位置是热那亚。
This can spawn in any town or city with more than 1000 burghers in Europe, North Africa or the Middle East, where the owner has a strong “Capital Economy” Societal Value. The historical location is Genoa.
自从古代出现金属硬币以来，借贷就已经存在了。然而，它依赖于一些个人及其家族或古代国家。在中世纪，由于受到欧亚大陆及其边缘长途商业活动重新增长的推动，这一情况发生了转变。犹太社区开始在基督教和伊斯兰世界之间开展业务时，专业的放贷者开始组织了起来。然而，12世纪十字军东征后信贷需求的繁荣促使意大利城邦的商人们创建了更大的借贷结构，实际上创立了最早的银行机构，如佩鲁齐家族和巴尔迪家族。更多的金融工具被开发出来，如汇票和债券，像美第奇家族、富格尔家族或韦尔瑟家族这样的银行世家很快变得和国家一样强大。
Money lending has existed since metal-based coins appeared in Antiquity. However, it depended on some individuals and their family groupings or on the Ancient States. A shift occurred in the Middle Ages, encouraged by the renewed growth of long-range commercial activities on the Eurasian continent and its peripheries. Specialized moneylenders began to organize when Jewish communities started operating between the Christian and Islamic worlds. However, the boom of credit demand that followed the Crusades in the 12th century encouraged merchants in the Italian city-states to create larger structures for money lending, effectively founding the first Banking institutions, such as the Peruzzi and Bardi houses. More instruments were developed, like bills of exchange and debt bonds, and Banking dynasties such as the Medici, Fugger or Welser soon became as powerful as States.
职业军队
Professional Armies
这可以在任何一个具有「质量」社会价值观的欧洲国家内，发源于一个有兵力生产的地点。历史位置是巴黎。
This can spawn in any location in Europe, which has some manpower produced, where the owner has a “Quality” Societal Value. The historical location is Paris.
自从战争被发明以来，军队就已经存在了数千年。然而，它们的形式在几个世纪中发生了变化，不同文化和时期发展了不同类型的招募和组织。在中世纪晚期，许多社会的军队依赖于封建社会结构，以骑士和步兵为核心，季节性征募。然而，在一些地区，国家有足够的财力来资助常备军，职业士兵全年都可以执勤。这一制度在欧洲也得到了发展，特别是在百年战争爆发之后，这是近代早期推动军事革命的主要变革之一。增加职业军队的规模和质量，同时寻找新的收入来源来资助它们，迅速成为世界各地统治者面临的主要挑战之一。
Armies have existed since war was invented, many thousands of years ago. However, their form has changed over the centuries and different types of recruitment and organization have developed in different cultures and periods. In the Late Middle Ages, armies in a wide range of societies relied on levies based on the structures of feudal society, with knights and footmen forming a core that was levied seasonally. In some regions, however, states were powerful enough to finance standing armies, with professional soldiers who would be available for duty throughout the year. This system was also developed in Europe after the outbreak of the Hundred Year's War, being one of the main changes that promoted a Military Revolution in the Early Modern Age. Increasing the size and quality of Professional Armies, while finding new sources of revenue to finance them, soon became one of the main challenges for rulers around the world.
这里看起来是个不错的地方，可以加入西班牙帝国！
This looks like a nice place to add to the Spanish Empire!
地理大发现时代
Age of Discovery
在近代早期的黎明，新大陆被绘制，而封建社会逐渐让位于中央集权国家。对于一个有进取心的国家，这个时代可能见证一个世界帝国的建立。
At the dawn of the Early Modern era new continents are being mapped while feudal society is slowly giving way to centralized states. For an enterprising state this age can see the foundation of a worldwide empire.
新世界
New World
这将在任何一个已经发现亚速尔群岛和西非海岸线的西欧或北非国家内，发源于一个拥有超过2000市民的港口。历史位置是塞维利亚。
This will spawn in any port in Western Europe or North Africa, with more than 2,000 burghers, and where the owner has discovered the Azores and the West African Coastline. The historical location is Sevilla.
新世界的发现不仅预示着殖民者和被殖民者进入了一个新时代，而且还导致了材料和技术的传播，以及对全球广阔的认识。随着动物、作物、白银和疾病跨越大西洋传播，全球经济的雏形开始显现。随着外国土地和人民被绘制和记录下来，海外社会的发现使思想、宗教和哲学的辩论也越来越丰富。伟大的思想家感到有必要质疑曾经的真相，从巴利亚多利德到法泰赫普尔·西克里，世界的本质现在正成为被重新审视的对象。
The discovery of the New World has heralded a new era not only for the colonizers and the colonized, but it has also led to the spread of materials and techniques as well as a realization of the vastness of the globe. As animals, crop types, silver and diseases spread across the Atlantic, the first steps have been taken towards a truly global economy. With foreign lands and people being mapped and documented, ideas as well as religious and philosophical debate are increasingly being colored by what we have found in overseas societies. Great minds feel the need to question what was once truth, and from Valladolid to Fatehpur Sikri, the nature of the world is now up for debate.
印刷机
Printing Press
这可以在任何一个具有「外向」社会价值观的国家内，发源于一个拥有超过2000市民，生产超过5单位纸张的地点。历史位置是美因茨。
This can spawn in any location with more than 2,000 burghers, where the owner produces more than 5 paper and has an “Outward” Societal Value. The historical location is Mainz.
大规模生产书面文字的能力将彻底改变信息的传播方式，并在许多方面改变近代早期社会的整体面貌。这项新艺术由文艺复兴人士（如威尼斯印刷商阿尔杜斯·马努提乌斯等）首创，通过使翻译的经典作品更广泛地传播，推动了文艺复兴的发展。后来，宗教改革也大大受益于批判性出版物和《圣经》的翻译传播。现在，印刷技术已经成熟并在整个欧洲传播，从宗教和政治小册子到科学论著和行为准则，几十万份印刷品正在欧洲大陆上流通。随着印刷作坊越来越普遍，统治者们发现很难遏制这一新技术，因为相对简单的生产方式意味着可以通过跨境搬迁业务，甚至只是更改标题页上的名称来规避审查。
The ability to mass-produce the written word would revolutionize the spread of information and in many ways early modern society as a whole. Pioneered by Renaissance men such as Venetian Printer Aldus Manutius, the new art helped fuel the Renaissance by making the translated classics more widely available. Later the Reformation benefitted greatly from the ability to spread critical publications and translations of the Holy Scriptures. Now that Printing has matured as a technique and spread throughout Europe, hundreds of thousands of copies of everything from Religious and Political pamphlets to scientific treatises and instructions on how to behave are circulating the continent. With print shops growing evermore commonplace, rulers have found it hard to contain the new technique as the comparatively easy means of production means censorship can be sidestepped by moving business across a border or even just changing the name on a title page.
长矛与火枪
Pike & Shot
这可以在任何一个拥有专业军队、超过20点的军队传统，具有「陆军」社会价值观，并且掌握了火药技术的国家内，发源于一个拥有一定人力资源的地点。历史位置是因斯布鲁克。
This spawns in a location, which has some manpower produced, where the owner has Professional Armies, more than 20 Army Tradition and a “Land” Societal Values, and have the gunpowder technology. The historical location is Innsbruck.
在15世纪末的意大利战争中，一种新的战争形式开始发展。在中世纪晚期，伴随着便携式火器，主要是火绳枪和滑膛枪的发展。长矛兵作为对能成功抵御重装骑兵冲锋的铁甲骑士的一种替代，得到了普及。士兵们现在采用一种新的阵型，长枪兵形成方阵，而火绳枪兵分散在两侧和前方，一旦进入近战，火枪兵就会躲在或进入方阵内。这种被称为「长矛与火枪」的新阵型受到德国雇佣兵和西班牙方阵的青睐，很快被其他军队采用，在欧洲战场上称霸近两个世纪，直到18世纪初被新型火枪和刺刀取代。
A new type of warfare began to develop at the end of the 15th Century, in the midst of the Italian Wars. The generalization of pikemen in the Late Middle Ages as an alternative to men-at-arms who could successfully face heavy cavalry charges was accompanied by the development of portable firearms, mainly matchlock arquebuses and muskets. The soldiers now adopt a new formation, in which the pikemen form a square, while the arquebusiers fan out to the sides and front, and seek cover behind or inside the square in case the formation enters close combat. This new type of formation, called Pike & Shot, was favored by German Landsknechts and Spanish Tercios, and was soon adopted by other armies, reigning supreme on European battlefields for nearly two centuries, until superseded in the early 18th Century by line infantry formations armed with new flintlock muskets mounting bayonets.
异端者试图为他的异端辩护。
The heretic is trying to defend his heresy.
宗教改革时代
Age of Reformation
从东到西，这是一个宗教信仰、辩论和群众运动的时代。在欧洲，新教教会稳固了其地位，而千年主义在伊朗占据主导地位，宗教融合塑造了印度社会。
From East to West this is the age of religious conviction, debates and mass movements. In Europe, the protestant churches are entrenched while millenarianism takes hold of Iran and religious Syncretism shapes Indian society.
宗派主义
Confessionalism
这可以在任何一个以天主教为国教且主体信仰为天主教的，具有「灵性主义」社会价值观的欧洲国家内，发源于一个拥有印刷机的城镇或城市。历史位置是奥格斯堡。
This spawns in a town or city in Europe, which has a printing press, where the owner is Catholic, and the dominant religion is Catholic, and has a “Spiritualist” societal value. The historical location is Augsburg.
长久以来，天主教被视为一个统一的实体，但各种新教信仰的出现终结了这一局面。随着众多对信仰的不同解释兴起，基督教不再是一个统一体。过去任何偏离教会的行为都可以轻易被贴上异端的标签，但现在这些差异变得更加模糊。因此，宗教和世俗当局都越来越有兴趣明确界定他们特定信仰的形态，在信仰和生活的各个方面强制执行其特定规则和观点。这使他们能够更牢固地掌控民众的信仰，但也增加了与其他信仰之间的差异和敌意。
Catholicism has been regarded as a unitary entity for a long time, but the advent of the various Protestant Faiths has put an end to that. With the rise of a myriad of different interpretations of what the Faith should be, Christianity is all but united. But where before any deviance from the Church could be easily labeled as heretic, now the lines creating the differences have become blurrier at least. As such, there has been an increasing interest both for religious and secular authorities alike to clearly define the shapes of their specific confessions, enforcing their particular rules and views on all aspects of faith and life. This allows them a more firm grip on the faith of their population, but also increases the differentiation and thus animosity with all the other confessions.
全球贸易
Global Trade
这可以在全球任何一个商品交易量最大的城市的市场中心发源。历史位置是里斯本。
This spawns in a market center in a city anywhere in the world that has among the most value of goods traded. The historical location is Lisbon.
自古以来，商品就在各大洲之间流通。但以前这仅限于有限的几条路线和特定的几种商品，如印度和中国的制成品通过印度洋和丝绸之路传播，现在所有贸易越来越成为一个更大世界网络的一部分。随着美洲的发现、绕过非洲的海路以及横跨太平洋的航行，地方贸易网络正被连接成一个全球性的互联网络。从安第斯山脉开采的白银现在通过欧洲运往中国和印度。在斯堪的纳维亚开采和加工的铁由英国商人卖到西非，而其他人则仅在东南亚的贸易圈内分销布料和香料就赚得盆满钵满。印度本地的商人也在投资未来的欧洲贸易项目。虽然现在谈论真正的全球经济还为时过早，但毫无疑问，第一颗种子已经播下。
Goods have been moved across continents since antiquity. But where this was previously limited to a set number of routes and goods such as the manufactured goods of India and China finding their way across the Indian Ocean and along the Silk Road, all trade is now increasingly becoming part of a greater world network. With the discovery of the Americas, sea routes around Africa and the crossing of the Pacific Ocean, local trade networks are being connected into one world-spanning interconnected web. Silver mined in the Andes is now being boxed and taken via Europe all the way to China and India. Iron mined and wrought in Scandinavia is being sold in West Africa by English merchants, and others are making a fortune just distributing cloth and spices within the Southeast Asian trade sphere. Local Indian merchants are investing in future European trade ventures. It may still be early to speak of a truly Global Economy, but surely the first seeds have been sown.
炮兵
Artillery
这可以在任何一个具有「进攻性」社会价值观的国家内，发源于一个拥有兵工厂和金属作坊的城市。历史位置是君士坦丁堡。
This will spawn in any city in the world that has a gunsmith and a metal workshop, and where the owner has an “Offensive” Societal Value. The historical location is Constantinople.
中国宋朝发明的火药导致了一种新型火力武器的开发，即火炮。尽管在13世纪，它已经在整个欧亚大陆传播，但作为常见武器系统的应用直到15世纪才实现，因为火炮长度和火药配方的改进使炮火变得更加强大，现如今已经对石砌城堡和防御工事构成了威胁，很快炮火不仅在围城战中使用，还在战场上使用，因为小口径炮现在具有所需的机动性，可以迅速部署和使用。炮火作为关键作战系统的最终发展将在18世纪实现，尤其是当拿破仑在其关键战斗中完美运用之后。
The invention of gunpowder in Song China led to the development of a new device that would employ its firepower in warfare, the artillery. Although it spread throughout Eurasia in the 13th Century, its use as a common weapon system did not happen until the 15th century, as improvements in the cannon length and gunpowder recipe made artillery much more powerful, now posing a threat to stone-built castles and fortifications, the most common in Europe. Soon artillery would be used not only in sieges but also on battlefields, as smaller caliber guns now featured the mobility required to be quickly deployed and used. Its final development as a key warfare system would come in the 18th Century, especially after Napoleon perfected its use at key points during battles.
朕即国家
L'État, c'est moi.
专制主义时代
Age of Absolutism
当政府从其他政党手中夺取其国家的绝对权力时，他们现在能够专注于帝国的建设。这是国家、统治者及其军队的时代。
As governments wrest the absolute power in their countries from other parties, they are now able to devote themselves to the building of Empires. This is the age of the state, of rulers, and their armies.
工场生产
Manufactories
这可以在任何一个具有「资本经济」社会价值观的国家内，发源于一个建筑水平超过100且至少有20,000市民的地点。历史位置是德比。
This will spawn in any location with more than 100 building levels, and at least 20,000 Burghers, and where the owner has a “Capital Economy” Societal Value. The historical location is Derby.
虽然16世纪和17世纪的一些技术创新在一定程度上提高了一些产品（如铁或布）的生产率。但生产领域的最大改进是通过新的组织形式实现的。通过创建工厂，通常是在城市以外的地方，商人资本家不仅可以规避反对大规模生产的古老行会法律，还开拓了一种通过在一个地方将劳动组织化和专业化的方式来提高生产效率的方法。使得后来的工业化的先驱们能够通过便利地获得原材料和组织大规模劳动来增加产量，而不是通过昂贵的新机械。这本身就是对通常严格监管的老方法的巨大改变，再加上后来的技术进步，这种新的生产方式将彻底改变社会。
While a number of technical innovations during the course of the 16th and 17th centuries have increased the output of production for some products such as iron or cloth to an extent, the biggest improvement in the field of production has come in the form of new forms of organization. By creating manufactories, often outside the city limits, merchant capitalists can both bypass the ancient guild laws that inhibit mass production, and pioneer ways to increase production through the organization and specialization of labor in one place. The forerunners of the later Industrialization were able to increase output by facilitating access to raw materials and mass organization of labor rather than by expensive new machinery. This is in itself a huge change over the often heavily regulated methods of old, however, and together with later technical advances this new mode of production will come to revolutionize society.
科学革命
Scientific Revolution
这可以在任何一个具有「创新」社会价值的国家内，发源于一个拥有大学和高平均识字率的地点。历史位置是剑桥。
This spawns in a location with a university, and a high average literacy, where the owner has a “Innovative” Societal Value. The historical location is Cambridge.
显而易见的的是，现在的世界比以往任何时候都更加紧密。全球贸易和印刷业的兴起增加人员和思想的流动，使了知识得以更广泛地传播。这反过来又导致对世界现实的更深入质疑和分析。曾经被接受为事实的东西现在受到质疑，曾经理解不深的东西现在被观察，曾经只是假设的东西被验证。数学、物理学和生物学等领域的最新进展是不可否认的，但真正的革命是对科学本身的感知和方法的变革。系统实验是真正的科学革命，它必将彻底改变我们对世界的理解。
It is clear that the world is smaller now than ever before. The rise of a global trade and the printing industry led to an increased flow of people and ideas, allowing for a more widespread dissemination of knowledge. This in turn resulted in a more thorough questioning and analysis of the reality of the world. What was once just accepted as fact is now questioned, what was only poorly understood is now observed, and what was only supposed, tested. The recent advancements in areas such as mathematics, physics., or biology are undeniable, but the real revolution is the change in the perception and approach towards science itself and the way of understanding it. Systematic experimentation is the true scientific revolution, and it will surely change completely our conception of the world.
军事革命
Military Revolution
这可以在任何一个拥有大量军事建筑物并且人口超过50,000的首都发源。历史位置是斯德哥尔摩。
This can spawn in any capital with a lot of military buildings and that has a population over 50,000. The historical location is Stockholm.
16世纪和17世纪，欧洲持续的战争状态导致军队规模大幅增加，这是相互竞争的专制政权日益强大的权威所产生的必然结果。步兵现在大规模配备燧发枪，通过创新的线形阵列部署，极大地增强了他们在战斗中的火力和表现力，取代了旧的长枪兵与火枪兵。这些需求还影响到国家行政机构的能力，因为它不得不继续扩大规模，以应对军队规模增加所导致的对人力和财政需求的增加。这也推动了军事供给链的建立和发展，即通过支援作战部队的中间仓库来满足军队的食物和维持需求。这些进步的结果将无疑使得18世纪日益军事化的国家之间的战争激增。
The continuous state of war affecting Europe in the 16th and 17th Centuries leads to a sharp increase in the size of armies, as a necessity born of the growing authority of competing absolutist regimes. The infantry is now armed en masse with flintlock muskets, greatly increasing their firepower and performance in battle by being deployed in the innovative line formation, replacing the old Pike & Shot. Those needs also affect the capabilities of the state administration as it continues to expand to handle the manpower and finances required by this increase in the size of the military. That also is spearheading the development of the supply chains required to feed and sustain armies, through intermediate depots that support the operational armies. The result of these advances would be none other than an upsurge of wars between increasingly militarized countries in the 18th Century.
我想这是对付贵族的一种方法？
Its one way to deal with the nobility I guess?
大革命时代
Age of Revolutions
在启蒙时代期间对权利、权威和世界本身的质疑导致了对「古代政权」的拒绝。随着专制主义让位于革命，王国可能不得不为共和国让路。
The questioning of rights, authority and the world itself during the Enlightenment has led to the rejection of the Ancient Regime. As Absolutism gives way to Revolution kingdoms may have to make place for Republics.
启蒙运动
Enlightenment
这可以在任何一个具有「创新」社会价值观的国家内，发源于一个拥有大学和高平均识字率的地点。历史位置是巴黎。
This spawns in a location with a university, and a high average literacy, where the owner has an “Innovative” Societal Value. The historical location is Paris.
过去的一个世纪中，理性主义和经验主义在时代伟大的思想中日益流行。在书信、出版物和咖啡馆里，国王、科学家、哲学家和文学家们都在讨论宽容的优点、科学方法的价值以及将启蒙思想传播给全人类的理想。从大学或启蒙君主的宫庭，人们派出远征队去测量、编目、称重和绘制世界地图，以便更好地理解统治一切的法则。其他人则讨论统治社会的法律，并试图理解人的权利。为了人类的大利益，伟大的项目正在进行中，如创建一部涵盖所有知识的百科全书或一部涵盖全球所有植物、动物和真菌的完整索引。理性之光已经点燃，许多人不会休息，直到它传遍地球的每一个角落。
The last century has seen Rationalism and Empiricism gaining an ever-increasing popularity among the great minds of the age. In letters, publications and coffee houses, kings, scientists, philosophers, and littérateurs are discussing the merits of tolerance, the scientific method, and the spreading of the ideals of the Enlightenment to all of humanity. From universities or courts of enlightened monarchs, expeditions are being sent to measure, catalog, weigh, and map the world so that we can better understand the laws that govern everything around us. Others discuss the laws that govern society and try to reach an understanding of the Rights of Man. Great projects such as the colossal undertaking of creating a complete encyclopedia of all knowledge or a complete index of all plants, animals, and fungi in the world are being pursued for the greater good of humanity. The Light of Reason has been lit and many will not rest until it has been brought to all corners of the earth.
工业革命
Industrialization
这可以在任何一个具有「资本经济」社会价值观的国家内，发源于一个建筑水平超过250，至少有20,000市民的地点。历史位置是布莱克本。
This will spawn in any location with more than 250 building levels, and at least 20,000 Burghers, and where the owner has a “Capital Economy” Societal Value. The historical location is Blackburn.
随着人类对成长的渴望根深蒂固，18世纪的黎明催生了许多新的制度。生产和制造领域的进步以及复杂机械的引入将在全球范围内改变我们所知的世界。工业革命的兴起不仅在商业和商业方面，而且在社会结构本身带来了国际性的持久变化。动力织机和蒸汽机等发明将把人类的能力推向迄今为止的最高顶峰。
The dawn of the 18th century gave rise to many new institutions as man's thirst for growth took hold. Advances in the field of production, and manufacturing as well as the introduction of complicated machinery will change the world as we know it on a global scale. The rise of the Industrial Revolution brings about international and lasting changes not just in commerce and business but in the fabric of society itself. Inventions such as the power loom and steam engines shall push the capabilities of mankind to its highest zenith yet.
大规模征兵
Levée en Masse
这可以在任何一个具有「防御性」社会价值观的国家内，发源于一个拥有大量军事建筑物并且人口超过200,000的首都。历史位置是巴黎。
This can spawn in any capital with a lot of military buildings and that has a population over 200,000, and where the owner has a “Defensive” Societal Value. The historical location is Paris.
战争是一个不断进化的概念，一代又一代的创新和磨练。18世纪见证了强大帝国的崛起，每个帝国都有其自身的野心。为了满足扩张的需求并提供实现这些愿望所需的燃料，将起草并签署新的全国征兵法，组建一支由所有未婚青年组成的军队，这些规模将决定历史的走向。
Warfare is an ever-evolving concept, innovated and honed generation after generation. The 18th century saw the rise of powerful empires, each with its own ambitions. To satisfy the need for expansion and provide the fuel necessary to fulfill these ambitions, new nationwide conscription laws will be drafted and signed in effect, raising armies of all unmarried young men, the size of which will shape the course of history.
下周我们讨论在「凯撒计划」中取代了科技和国家理念系统的内容。
Next week we talk about what replaced the technology and national ideas system for Project Caesar.
